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watch this video about the theory of everything (help our channel grow by subscribing):
https://youtu.be/i43rL0kdZD0
https://youtu.be/i43rL0kdZD0
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The gravitational constant, G, which governs the strength of gravitational interactions, is hard to measure accurately. Two independent determinations of G have been made that have the smallest uncertainties so far.
Li et al. (2018) Measurements of the gravitational constant using two independent methods: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0431-5
Li et al. (2018) Measurements of the gravitational constant using two independent methods: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0431-5
Gravity measured with record precision
nature.com
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"Strange things are happening in space but the cause is right below our feet. The earth's core is changing and the magnetic poles could possibly flip in the not too distant future. We are just discovering a whole new hidden weather system in the earth molten core that has direct effects on the magnetic field which in turn will have a major effect on our future technological development. But all is not lost, we can work our way out of this but time is of the essence because we don't know just when things are going to get tricky."
A Thought Experiment: Entanglement of wire rings
Having, with some irritation to disentangle a boxful of coat hangers prompted me to give some thought to the the phenomena which I am sure is familiar to any one in some way or other: (keyrings, headphones, cabled, curtains hooks etc…). To start with I will attempt to define what I mean by entanglement:
Consider a heap of identically shaped wire objects . Using tweezers lift one objet. Will another object come up attached to the one you lifted? It depends on several factors. Nothing will follow the lifted object if the objcts are are straight pieces and needless to say the same would happen with closed shape object. However if the objects have some curvature there's a chance that the object you lifted will would be attached to another object.
Rings whose circle has a gap are a convenient objects to examine the parameters of entangling an disentangling. Let's look at the simplest case: two rings being shaken in a box. What affects the length of time it takes to get them entangled? By definition the rings can be defined as entangled when liftingthe of the bottom of box one one pulls the other. The ratio of entanglement to non-entanglement could be established by checking the box on regular intervals, after certain number of shaking cycles. Considering this experiment some factors suggest themselves as affecting the outcome.
The ratio of the size of the box (let's assume that it is a cube) to the size of the rings in the box.. The bigger the ratio, the longer it will take for the rings to entangle. That so because the bigger the ratio the more ‘futile’ trajectories the rings have to travel before they can get entangled. However, that might work up to a point. When the rings become very big (say over half the box’s width) their trajectories become confined and the rate of entanglement might decrease. There should be some optimal ratio for maximum entanglement rate. Can it be worked out mathematically?
The size of the gap (its angle): the more ‘open’ the ring the faster the rate of entanglement. Again, this might work up to a point. Increasing ‘opennes’ makes also dientndlememt easier. There should be an openness ratio that provides maximum entanglement and another ratio where the ratio of entitlement to disentanglement is 1:1
Could it be worked out mathematically?
The intensity of shaking the box: To my thinking, it should not affect the entanglement ratio. That so, because it equally increases both entanglement and disentanglement. It would, however, affect the rate..
In the case of two rings, the shaking favors disentanglement. That is because a hooked ring is more confined in space than s free one. It needs fewer trajectories to free itself than for free ring to get hooked. One would, therefore, think that the ratio of entangled to disentangled rings to be low in the case of two rings only but to be higher in the case when the number of rings in the box increases.
Friction is bound to be a factor in. I guess that rings with a higher coefficient of friction will enhance entanglement ratio. Entanglement is not possible with a frictionless material. Even a complicated entanglement like a ‘Chinese Puzzle’ will disentangle itself if madel of frictionless material.
The ratio of the diameter of the cross-section of the ring to the inner diameter of the ring. The thicker the cross-section in relation to the size of the ring, the smaller the rate of entanglement, That is so because the rings have to travel longer distance across each other opening in the process of entanglement.
I could mot find any scientific papers on this topic
Having, with some irritation to disentangle a boxful of coat hangers prompted me to give some thought to the the phenomena which I am sure is familiar to any one in some way or other: (keyrings, headphones, cabled, curtains hooks etc…). To start with I will attempt to define what I mean by entanglement:
Consider a heap of identically shaped wire objects . Using tweezers lift one objet. Will another object come up attached to the one you lifted? It depends on several factors. Nothing will follow the lifted object if the objcts are are straight pieces and needless to say the same would happen with closed shape object. However if the objects have some curvature there's a chance that the object you lifted will would be attached to another object.
Rings whose circle has a gap are a convenient objects to examine the parameters of entangling an disentangling. Let's look at the simplest case: two rings being shaken in a box. What affects the length of time it takes to get them entangled? By definition the rings can be defined as entangled when liftingthe of the bottom of box one one pulls the other. The ratio of entanglement to non-entanglement could be established by checking the box on regular intervals, after certain number of shaking cycles. Considering this experiment some factors suggest themselves as affecting the outcome.
The ratio of the size of the box (let's assume that it is a cube) to the size of the rings in the box.. The bigger the ratio, the longer it will take for the rings to entangle. That so because the bigger the ratio the more ‘futile’ trajectories the rings have to travel before they can get entangled. However, that might work up to a point. When the rings become very big (say over half the box’s width) their trajectories become confined and the rate of entanglement might decrease. There should be some optimal ratio for maximum entanglement rate. Can it be worked out mathematically?
The size of the gap (its angle): the more ‘open’ the ring the faster the rate of entanglement. Again, this might work up to a point. Increasing ‘opennes’ makes also dientndlememt easier. There should be an openness ratio that provides maximum entanglement and another ratio where the ratio of entitlement to disentanglement is 1:1
Could it be worked out mathematically?
The intensity of shaking the box: To my thinking, it should not affect the entanglement ratio. That so, because it equally increases both entanglement and disentanglement. It would, however, affect the rate..
In the case of two rings, the shaking favors disentanglement. That is because a hooked ring is more confined in space than s free one. It needs fewer trajectories to free itself than for free ring to get hooked. One would, therefore, think that the ratio of entangled to disentangled rings to be low in the case of two rings only but to be higher in the case when the number of rings in the box increases.
Friction is bound to be a factor in. I guess that rings with a higher coefficient of friction will enhance entanglement ratio. Entanglement is not possible with a frictionless material. Even a complicated entanglement like a ‘Chinese Puzzle’ will disentangle itself if madel of frictionless material.
The ratio of the diameter of the cross-section of the ring to the inner diameter of the ring. The thicker the cross-section in relation to the size of the ring, the smaller the rate of entanglement, That is so because the rings have to travel longer distance across each other opening in the process of entanglement.
I could mot find any scientific papers on this topic
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Post partagé.
These valleys potentially could be used to store information, greatly enhancing what is capable with modern electronic devices.
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Reverse filter lets bigger things through, hold back smaller things.
Separation of substances is central to many industrial and medical processes ranging from wastewater treatment and purification to medical diagnostics. Conventional solid-based membranes allow particles below a critical size to pass through a membrane pore while inhibiting the passage of particles larger than that critical size; membranes that are capable of showing reversed behavior, that is, the passage of large particles and inhibition of small ones, are unusual in conventional engineering applications. Inspired by endocytosis and the self-healing properties of liquids, we show that free-standing membranes composed entirely of liquid can be designed to retain particles smaller than a critical size given the particle inertial properties. We further demonstrate that these membranes can be used for previously unachievable applications, including serving as particle barriers that allow macroscopic device access through the membrane (for example, open surgery) or as selective membranes inhibiting gas/vapor passage while allowing solids to pass through them (for example, waste/odor management).
Boschitsch Stogin et al. (2018) Free-standing liquid membranes as unusual particle separators:
1)http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaat3276
2)http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaat3276/tab-pdf
Separation of substances is central to many industrial and medical processes ranging from wastewater treatment and purification to medical diagnostics. Conventional solid-based membranes allow particles below a critical size to pass through a membrane pore while inhibiting the passage of particles larger than that critical size; membranes that are capable of showing reversed behavior, that is, the passage of large particles and inhibition of small ones, are unusual in conventional engineering applications. Inspired by endocytosis and the self-healing properties of liquids, we show that free-standing membranes composed entirely of liquid can be designed to retain particles smaller than a critical size given the particle inertial properties. We further demonstrate that these membranes can be used for previously unachievable applications, including serving as particle barriers that allow macroscopic device access through the membrane (for example, open surgery) or as selective membranes inhibiting gas/vapor passage while allowing solids to pass through them (for example, waste/odor management).
Boschitsch Stogin et al. (2018) Free-standing liquid membranes as unusual particle separators:
1)http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaat3276
2)http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaat3276/tab-pdf
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Apparently there is a pattern to the seemingly random distribution of objects when there's an exclusionary force that spaces them or places them at a minimum separation from each other.
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Spiros Michalakis, manager of outreach and staff researcher at Caltech's Institute for Quantum Information and Matter (IQIM), and Matthew Hastings, a researcher at Microsoft, have solved one of the world's most challenging open problems in the field of mathematical physics. The problem, related to the "quantum Hall effect," was first proposed in 1999 as one of 13 significant unsolved problems to be included on a list maintained by Michael Aizenman, a professor of physics and mathematics at Princeton University and the former president of the International Association of Mathematical Physics.
Like the "millennium" math challenges put forth by the Clay Mathematics Institute in 2000, the idea behind these problems was to record some of the most perplexing unsolved puzzles in mathematical physics—a field that uses rigorous mathematical reasoning to address physics questions. So far, the problem undertaken by Michalakis is the only one fully solved, while another has been partially solved. Progress made on the partially-solved problem has resulted in two Fields Medals, the highest honor in mathematics.
=> article Written by Whitney Clavin, all credicts, read more at:
http://www.caltech.edu/news/solved-caltech-researcher-helps-crack-decades-old-math-problem-83296
Like the "millennium" math challenges put forth by the Clay Mathematics Institute in 2000, the idea behind these problems was to record some of the most perplexing unsolved puzzles in mathematical physics—a field that uses rigorous mathematical reasoning to address physics questions. So far, the problem undertaken by Michalakis is the only one fully solved, while another has been partially solved. Progress made on the partially-solved problem has resulted in two Fields Medals, the highest honor in mathematics.
=> article Written by Whitney Clavin, all credicts, read more at:
http://www.caltech.edu/news/solved-caltech-researcher-helps-crack-decades-old-math-problem-83296
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